Raasch, M. S. 1996. Delaware's freshwater and brackish-water fishes, a popular account. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune, New Jersey, USA. 174 pp., color photos of preserved specimens, map. [fieldguide with extensive bibliography]

Rabe, R. R., A. E. Echelle, and H. E. Schlichting, Jr. 1973. Viability of algae in the digestive tracts of two cyprinodontids. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 35 (3): 147-149, table.

Rachovia Myers, 1927.

Myers, G. S. 1927. An analysis of the genera of Neotropical killifishes allied to Rivulus. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 19: 115-129. [description: p. 118]

Type species: Rivulus brevis Regan, 1912a, by original designation.

Rachovia Myers, 1927a: Myers, 1931, 1954; Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1972b; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978; Parenti, 1981; Costa, 1988c, 1990a [phylogenetic analysis],b [diagnosis, composition, distribution, phylogenetic relationships], 1995c [under characters of uncertain polarity], 1998d,e; Murphy & Collier, 1997; Huber, 1999c.

Rachovia brevis (Regan, 1912).

Regan, C. T. 1912. A revision of the poeciliid fishes of the genera Rivulus, Pterolebias, and Cynolebias. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 10: 494-508. [description: pp. 504-505]

Type locality: Colombia [Soplaviento, Colombia, according to Hoedeman (1959) and accepted by Taphorn, Foster, & Turner (1976)]

Rivulus micropus [misidentification]: Köhler, 1906c.

Rivulus brevis Regan, 1912a: Henn, 1916; Eigenmann, 1922a; Hoedeman, 1959.

Rachovia brevis (Regan, 1912): Myers, 1927a, 1952, 1954; Schreitmüller, 1929b; Pinda, 1964; Foster, 1967b; Turner, 1967a; Weitzman & Wourms, 1967a,b; Wourms, 1967, 1972b,c; Scheel, 1969b; Dahl, 1971; Thomerson, 1971, 1979; Goldstein, 1972b; Tulipano, 1974; Thomerson, Taphorn, Foster, & Turner, 1976; Ingersoll, 1977; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978, 1989; Dryan, 1979; Simpson, 1979; Parenti, 1981; Hoelter, 1982; Leibel, 1982; Lilyestrom & Taphorn, 1982; Nielsen, 1983; Koran, 1985; Costa, 1990a, 1998d; Thomerson, Berkenkamp, & Taphorn, 1991; Phillips, 1992; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1992b,c; Elder, Turner, Thomerson, & Taphorn, 1993; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map],b; Him, 1995d.

Rachovia splendens Dahl, 1958a: Dahl, 1958b, 1971 [illustrated]; Klee, 1962d; Turner, 1967a; Weitzman & Wourms, 1967a,b; Ricco, 1969b; Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1972b, 1973a; Langton, 1973a; Mikkelsen, 1973a; Warner, 1973; Tulipano, 1974; Terceira, 1975e; Thomerson, Taphorn, Foster, & Turner, 1976 [as a synonym]; Ingersoll, 1977; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978 [as a synonym of R. brevis]; Hoelter, 1982; Nielsen, 1983; Koran, 1986a; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1992b [as a synonym of R. brevis].

Austrofundulus U-68: Ricco, 1969b [identified as R. splendens].

Rachovia hummelincki de Beaufort, 1940.

de Beaufort, L. F. 1940. Freshwater fishes from the Leeward Group, Venezuela, and eastern Colombia. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire and the Venezuelan Islands (7): 109-114, plate X. [description: p. 110; plate X, fig. b]

Type locality: Poza de San Antonio, east of Carirubana, Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela.

Rachovia hummelincki de Beaufort, 1940: Schultz, 1949; Hoedeman, 1960; Friese, 1967a; Turner, 1967a; Wourms, 1967, 1972b; Anonymous, 1968b [photo]; Hoelter, 1970a, 1982; Latzel, 1971a; Thomerson, 1971, 1979; Langton, 1973a; Mikkelsen, 1973a; Warner, 1973; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978, 1989; Dryan, 1979; Simpson, 1979; Lilyestrom & Taphorn, 1982; Phillips, 1992; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1992b,c, 1995; Elder, Turner, Thomerson, & Taphorn, 1993; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map],b; Weber, 1997; Costa, 1998d; Podrabsky, Hrbek, & Hand, 1998.

Rachovia maculipinnis (Radda, 1964).

Radda, A. C. 1964. Die Gattung Pterolebias Garman, 1895. Die Aquarien und Terrarien Zeitschrift (DATZ) 17 (2): 39-41, 5 figs. [description: pp. 40 (map, photo male and female, third down from top), 41 (description, key)] [According to Radda, two new aquarium imports of Pterolebias species provided the impetus for his review of the genus. Radda credited Weibzahn as the describer of Pterolebias maculipinnis in the heading of his description of this species, but there is no internal evidence that Weibzahn supplied any of the information used in Radda's description which is the first on record. Radda provided a description and key to the species of Pterolebias, as he viewed the genus. He included in his article a photograph of preserved male and female P. maculipinnis. Other than in the title to his description of P. maculipinnis, no mention of Weibzahn was made by Radda anywhere in his article, including the literature cited. No description prior or subsequent to Radda (1964) was published by Weibzahn.]

Type locality: given as the same areas and waters as Pterolebias zonatus [Orinoco basin, Venezuela; Taphorn & Thomerson (1978) designated a neotype and restricted the type locality to "a roadside pool in the Río Pao drainage (69° 09' 0"W, 09° 16' 15"N) on the road from Inaco to El Baul, Cojedes, Venezuela."].

Rivulus obscurus [misidentification]: Pellegrin, 1899 [Río Apure]; Schultz, 1949 [probable misidentification]; Huber, 1992 [synonymy, citing J. Thomerson (personal

commentary)].

Pterolebias maculipinnis Radda, 1964: Häfelin, 1966a; Friese, 1967a; Thomerson, 1971, 1974; Maier, 1972c; Schleser, 1972c; Mikkelsen, 1973a; Ricco, 1973; Thomerson & Turner, 1973; Warner, 1973; Keller, 1974b; Tulipano, 1974; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1975, 1978 [as a synonym of Rachovia maculipinnis]; LaCorte, 1978; McKeighen, 1978; Terceira, 1979b; Oliveira, Almeida Toledo, Foresti, et al., 1988; Costa, 1990a [in material examined],b.

Rachovia maculipinnis (Radda, 1964): Langton, 1973a; Thomerson, 1979; Parenti, 1981; Franco, 1982; Hoelter, 1982; Nico & Taphorn, 1984; Glascock, 1985; Koran, 1985, 1986a; Nico, Taphorn, & Thomerson, 1987; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1987a, 1992b,c [map]; Brousseau, 1989, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Thomerson, Berkenkamp, & Taphorn, 1991; Elder, Turner, Thomerson, & Taphorn, 1993 [misspelled maculipinna in table 1]; Schindler & Staeck, 1993b; Weber, 1997; Costa, 1998d; Podrabsky, Hrbek, & Hand, 1998; Hrbek & Larson, 1999 [Papelón, Venezuela].

[J. Thomerson (personal commentary) views (the nominal) Rachovia maculipinnis as the sister species to a group composed of (the nominal) Rivulus stellifer plus Austrofundulus (as currently constituted) plus Rachovia (as currently constituted minus R. maculipinnis). This could lead to the creation of two monotypic genera for R. maculipinnis and R. stellifer or the use of Rachovia for the entire assemblage, as proposed by Costa (1990a).]

Rachovia pyropunctata Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978.

Taphorn, D. C. and J. E. Thomerson. 1978. A revision of the South American cyprinodont fishes of the genera Rachovia and Austrofundulus, with the description of a new genus. Acta Biológica Venezuelica 9 (4): 377-452, 8 figs., 4 plates. [description: pp. 403-407; fig. 9c, p. 452]

Type locality: roadside pool west of Lake Maracaibo,

between the towns of San Felipe and Jaguasito, near Hacienda Berlin, on the road to the small town of Guamo, Venezuela.

Rachovia hummelincki [misidentification]: Thomerson, 1971 [red spotted form]; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978.

Rachovia pyropunctata Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978: Thomerson, 1979; Hoelter, 1982; Costa, 1989c, 1990a, 1998d; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1989; McDonnell, 1992; Phillips, 1992; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1992b,c; Elder, Turner, Thomerson, & Taphorn, 1993; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map],b; Weber, 1997; Podrabsky, Hrbek, & Hand, 1998.

Rachovia stellifer (Thomerson & Turner, 1973).

Thomerson, J. E. and B. J. Turner. 1973. Rivulus stellifer, a new species of annual killifish from the Orinoco basin of Venezuela. Copeia 1973 (4): 783-787, 2 figs.

Type locality: temporary pond about 1 km north of Cañyo Benito (09° 16' N, 68° 09' W) on the road between El Pao and El Baul, State of Cojedes, Venezuela.

Rivulus stellifer Thomerson & Turner, 1973: Ingersoll, 1974 [Orinoco killifishes listed]; Keller, 1974b; Taphorn & Thomerson, 1975; McKee, 1976; Mecca, 1977; LaCorte, 1978; Souza, 1979; Simpson, 1979; Parenti, 1981 [proposed for generic separation]; Klee, 1982; Nico & Taphorn, 1984; Fromm, 1986; Koran, 1986a; Lazara, 1986; Nico, Taphorn, & Thomerson, 1987; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1987a, 1992c [map]; Brousseau, 1989, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Costa, 1990b, 1998e; Wildekamp, 1992d; Elder, Turner, Thomerson, & Taphorn, 1993; Anonymous, 1994; Murphy & Collier, 1996.

Rachovia stellifer (Thomerson & Turner, 1973): Wildekamp, 1981a,c; Koran, 1985; Costa, 1998d [revision of the Rivulidae].

Pituna stellifer (Thomerson & Turner, 1973): Costa, 1991b [transferred to Pituna]; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1995; Him, 1997; Hrbek & Larson, 1999 [Arismendi, Venezuela].

Rachow, A. 1911. Tomeurus gracilis Eigenmann. Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde 22 (19): 297-299, fig.

Rachow, A. 1920. Über die Cyprinodontiden Afrikas. Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde 31 (18): 273-276, 6 figs.; 31 (19): 289-296.

Rachow, A. 1921. Haplochilus calliurus var. australis pp. 26-27 In: K. Stansch, Die Zahnkarpfen oder Kärpflinge. Teil I. Die eigebärende Zahnkarpfen (Cyprinodontidae oviparae). Bibliothek für Aquarien und Terrarienkunde, Braunschweig. No. 16. [Revised by A. Rachow; typwritten copy of pp. 26-27 seen, original not seen]

Rachow, A. 1924a. Über Cyprinodon iberus Valenciennes und Fundulus hispanicus (Valenciennes). Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde 35 (12): 317-319, 2 figs.

Rachow, A. 1924b. Über Aphyosemion calliurus (Boulenger) und Aplocheilichthys spilauchen (A. Duméril). Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde 21 (36): 753-754, 2 figs. [properly calliurum]

Rachow, A. 1926. Rivulus rachovii E. Ahl. Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde 37 (10): 237-239, fig.

Rachow, A. 1928. Handbuch der Zierfischkunde. Julius E. G. Wegner, Stuttgart. 247 pp., numerous figs. in 168 plates.

Rachow, A. 1931. Über neuere Systematik der Zahnkarpfen, insbesondere der "Fundulus," "Haplochilus," "Rivulus-artigen" Formen. Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde 28 (26): 425-427.

Rachow, A. 1933. Die Zahnkarpfen oder Kärpflinge. Zweiter Teil. Die Familie Cyprinodontidae (Fortsetzung). Die Unterfamilie Fundulinae (Sippe Rivulini). Bibliothek für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde. Gustav Wenzel und Sohn, Braunschweig, Germany. no. 52: 67 pp., 25 figs.; no. 56: 34 pp.

Rachow, A. 1935. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Regan). Die Aquarienfische in Wort und Bild. Liefergang 2: 18.

Rachow, A. 1949. Über Aplocheilus, Panchax, Haplochilus, und Oryzias. Die Aquarien und Terrarien Zeitschrift (DATZ) 2 (8): 139-140.

Rachow, A. 1950s (a). Aplocheilus blockii In: M. Holly, H. L. Meinken, and A. Rachow. circa 1950s. Die Aquarienfische in Wort und Bild. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. looseleaf pages.

Rachow, A. 1950s (b). Aplocheilus lineatus In: M. Holly, H. L. Meinken, and A. Rachow. circa 1950s. Die Aquarienfische in Wort und Bild. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. looseleaf pages.

Rachow, A. 1950s (c). Pachypanchax playfairii In: M. Holly, H. L. Meinken, and A. Rachow. circa 1950s. Die Aquarienfische in Wort und Bild. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart. looseleaf pages.

Radda, A. 1972e. The fantastic killifish of West Cameroon. Killie Notes (American Killifish Association) 5 (9): 6-11, color photos.

Radda, A. 1973i. The forest and grassland of West Cameroon. Killie Notes (American Killifish Association) 6 (4): 7-10.

Radda, A. C. 1962. Aphyosemion filamentosum (Meinken) Die Aquarien und Terrarien Zeitschrift (DATZ) 15 (12): 359-362, drawings, photo, tables.

Radda, A. C. 1963. Aphyosemion (Fundulopanchax) beauforti (Ahl, 1924). Die Aquarien und Terrarien Zeitschrift (DATZ) 16 (3): 70-73, 2 figs.

Radda, A. C. 1964. Die Gattung Pterolebias Garman, 1895. Die Aquarien und Terrarien Zeitschrift (DATZ) 17 (2): 39-41, 5 figs.

Radda, A. C. 1969a. Aphyosemion oder Roloffia, sjoestedti oder occidentalis? Die Aquarien und Terrarien Zeitschrift (DATZ) 22 (12): 364-367, 4 figs.

Radda, A. C. 1969b. Fundulosoma thierryi und ihre Verwandten (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulinae). Aquaria 16: 159-164.

Radda, A. C. 1969c. Die Aphyosemionarten Westguineas. I. Die "liberiense"–Gruppe. Aqua Terra 6 (12): 141-143, 2 figs., map.