Naiman, R. J. 1974. Bioenergetics of a pupfish population (Cyprinodon) and its algal food supply in a thermal stream. Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe. 119 pp. [Dissertation Abstracts vol. 35B no. 4: 1619B-1620B. Order no. 74-23,424]

Naiman, R. J. 1975. Food habits of the Amargosa pupfish in a thermal stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104 (3): 536-538.

Naiman, R. J. 1976. Productivity of a herbivorous pupfish population (Cyprinodon nevadensis) in a warm desert stream. Journal of Fish Biology 9: 125-137.

Naiman, R. J. 1979. Preliminary food studies of Cyprinodon macularius and Cyprinodon nevadensis (Cyprinodontidae). The Southwestern Naturalist 24 (3): 538-541, table.

Naiman, R. J. 1981. An ecosystem overview: desert fishes and their habitats. pp. 493-532 In: R. J. Naiman and D. L. Soltz (eds.), Fishes in North American deserts. A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Naiman, R. J., S. D. Gerking, and T. D. Ratcliff. 1973. Thermal environment of a Death Valley pupfish. Copeia 1973 (2): 366-369, 2 figs., table.

Naiman, R. J., S. D. Gerking, and R. E. Stuart. 1976. Osmoregulation in the Death Valley pupfish Cyprinodon milleri (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). Copeia 1976 (4): 807-810, 2 figs., 2 tables

Nalbandoglu, Ü. 1959. Morphological study of the fin and connective systems in Anatolian Cyprinodontidae. Hidrobiologi, Arastirma Enstutüsü Yayinlarindan, Istanbul Ünivertesi Fen Facültesi (B) 4 (4): 111-157, figs., tables, photos.

Nappe, L. 1972a. The desert pupfish: prisoner of change. National Parks & Conservation Magazine (The Environmental Journal) 46 (1): 25-28, illustrations, map, photos.

Nappe, L. 1972b. Desert fish in hot water. Animals 14 (12): 556-559, 4 photos.

Nardo, J. D. 1824. Osservazioni ed aggiunte all' Adriatica Ittiologia pubblicata dal sig. Cav. Fortunato Luigi Naccari presentate dal sig. Domenico Nardo al sig. Giuseppe Cernazai di Udine. Giornale di Fisica, Chimica, Storia Naturale, Medicina ed Arti, Pavia (2) 7: 222-234, 249-263. [series 2 is called Decade II]

Nardo, J. D. 1827a. Prodromus observationum et disquisitionum ichthyologiae Adriaticae. Isis (Oken) 20 (6): 473-488 [the numbering in Isis is by column, not page].

Nardo, J. D. 1827b. Prodromus observationum et disquisitionum Adriaticae ichthyologiae. Giornale di Fisica, Chimica, Storia Naturale, Medicina ed Arti, Pavia (2) 10: 22-40. [series 2 is called Decade II] [There are minor differences between the two versions of this article (Nardo, 1827a,b), including the title; which is the earlier version has not been established.]

Nash, C. W. 1908. Manual of vertebrates of Ontario. Legislative Assembly Ontario, Toronto. 107 pp.

National Academy of Science. 1979. Animals as monitors of environmental pollutants. National Academy of Science, Washington, D. C. 421 pp.

Nazneen, S. and F. Begum. 1981. Salinity tolerance in some freshwater fishes. Biologia 27 (1): 35-38.

Needler, A. W. H. 1940. A preliminary list of the fishes of Malpeque Bay. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (Session of 1939-1940) 20 (2): 33-41.

Nelson, B. 1974. Azraq: desert oasis. Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio. xv + 436 pp., drawings and photographs.

Nelson, B. 1980. Pterolebias zonatus, a South American gem. Journal of the American Killifish Association 13 (6): 170-173, photos.

Nelson, E. W. 1876. A partial catalogue of the fishes of Illinois. Illinois Museum of Natural History Bulletin (1): 41-52.

Nematolebias Costa, 1998.

Costa, W. J. E. M. 1998. Phylogeny and classification of Rivulidae revisited: Origin and evolution of annualism and miniaturization in rivulid fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei). Journal of Comparative Biology 3 (1): 33-92, 37 figs. [description: p. 75]

Type species: Cynolebias whitei Myers, 1942, by original designation.

Nematolebias Costa, 1998.

Nematolebias myersi (Carvalho, 1971).

Carvalho, A. L. de 1971. Um novo peixe anual do estado do Espirito Santo (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae, Rivulinae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 31 (3): 401-404.

Type locality: roadside pool 18 km from Conceição de Barra, along the road from Conceição de Barra to Itaunas, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil.

Cynolebias myersi Carvalho, 1971: Cruz, 1983; Carvalho & Cruz, 1987; Costa & Brasil, 1990; Hutchings, 1991; McDonnell, 1992; Niedzielski, 1992b, 1996a; Berkenkamp, 1993a; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Him, 1994, 1995a; Costa, 1995a; Loureiro & de Sá, 1996; Hrbek & Larson, 1999 [Linharez, Brazil].

Cynolebias izecksohni Cruz, 1983: Carvalho & Cruz, 1987; Costa, 1990b, 1995a (synonymy); Berkenkamp, 1993a; Huber, 1995; Rosa & Menezes, 1996.

Simpsonichthys myersi (Carvalho, 1971): Costa, 1996a; Conrad, 1999b.

Nematolebias myersi (Carvalho, 1971): Costa, 1998d.

Nematolebias whitei (Myers, 1942).

Rio Cloud Fish

Myers, G. S. 1942. Studies on South American fresh-water fishes I. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin 2 (4): 89-114, 19 figs. [description: pp. 106-107]

Type locality: drying swamp, 10 or 12 miles from Cabo Frio, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Cynolebias whitei Myers, 1942: Myers, 1952, 1964a,b; Carvalho, 1957, 1958, 1959; LaCorte, 1959, 1978; Daly, 1965; Klee, 1965d, 1975, 1993a; Foster, 1967b; Weitzman & Wourms, 1967a,b; Wourms, 1967, 1972b,c; Berkenkamp, 1969, 1973b, 1986; Ricco, 1969a; Scheel, 1969b, 1974a, 1995; Bella, 1970; Stallknecht, 1970a; Wiley & Collette, 1970; Yacano, 1970b; Editor, 1971; Gyldenholm & Scheel, 1971 [chromosome numbers]; Tulipano, 1971; Verklas, 1971; Goldstein, 1972b; Schleser, 1972b,c; LaCorte, 1973, 1979, 1980, 1982; Langton, 1973a, 1979, 1994c; Richter, 1973; Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1973a; Warner, 1973; Hiscox, Kingsford, & Hazeltine, 1974; Mamonov, 1974; Semeit, 1974a; Terceira, 1974c; Cozens, 1975; Foersch, 1975a; Sandberg, 1976, 1983a; Collette, 1977; Maier, 1978a; Coykendall, 1980; Nelson, 1980; Katz, 1981, 1993; Lazara, 1981a; 1991; Parenti, 1981, 1993; Remeur, 1981, 1984; Glascock, 1982a, 1984b; Leibel, 1982; Suffia, 1982a; Morenski, 1984c; Isgro, 1985b; Koran, 1985, 1986c; Weeks & Weeks, 1985; Hutchings, [L.], 1986; Stewart, 1987; Costa, 1988b, 1990a, 1995a; Costa & Lacerda, 1988b; Oliveira, Almeida Toledo, Foresti, et al., 1988; Skillcorn, 1988a, 1989; McCabe, 1989; Walter, 1989; Costa & Brasil, 1990 [osteology of shoulder girdle; color photo of female], 1993; Griffith, 1990; Courtenay, Jennings, & Williams, 1991; Williams [J.D.] & Jennings, 1991; Grady, 1992; Nguyen, 1992a; Romine, 1992b [albino], 1995b; Rösler, 1992; Elder, Turner, Thomerson, & Taphorn, 1993; Meyer & Lydeard, 1993; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Him, 1994, 1995a, 1996c, 1997; Grant & Riddle, 1995; Huber, 1995; Loureiro & de Sá, 1996; Murphy & Collier, 1996; Rosa & Menezes, 1996; Dill & Cordone, 1997 [introduced fishes]; Parker, 1997; Taylor, 1997; Collier & Murphy, 1998; Johnson & Caddy, 1998; McKeighen, 1998a; Hrbek & Larson, 1999 [aquarium stock, Brazil]; Robinson, 1999; Weibel, Dowling, & Turner, 1999.

Pterolebias elegans Ladiges, 1958: Carvalho, 1959 [as a synonym]; Nieuwenhuizen, 1961c; Berkenkamp, 1973b, 1986; Lazara, 1981a; Costa, 1995a.

Cynolebias withei Myers, 1942 [misspelling]: Post, 1965 [chromosome numbers].

Cynolebias wittei Myers, 1942 [misspelling]: Thiaw, Mattei, Romand, & Marchand, 1986; Jamieson, 1991.

Simpsonichthys whitei (Myers, 1942): Costa, 1996a, 1998a,d; Conrad, 1999b.

Nematolebias whitei (Myers, 1942): Costa, 1998d.

Undescribed species:

Nematolebias sp.: Costa, 1998d.

Neofundulus Myers, 1924.

Myers, G. S. 1924. A new poeciliid fish from the Congo, with remarks on funduline genera. American Museum Novitates (116): 9 pp., 4 figs. [description: p. 9]

Type species: Fundulus paraguayensis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903, by original designation, monotypic.

Neofundulus Myers, 1924b: Myers, 1931; Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1972b; Parenti, 1981 [diagnosis]; Costa, 1988a,c [systematics and distribution, relationship to Trigonectes], 1990a [phylogenetic analysis],b [diagnosis, composition, distribution, phylogenetic relationships],c [monophyly discussed], d; 1991b, 1998d; Thomerson & Taphorn, 1995; Costa, Sarmiento, & Barrera, 1996; Murphy & Collier, 1997.

Neofundulus acutirostratus Costa, 1992.

Shortsnout Killifish

Costa, W. J. E. M. 1992. Descrição de uma espécie do gênero Neofundulus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), da bacia do rio São Francisco, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 52 (4): 615-618, fig., map, photo, key.

Type locality: Lagoa Santa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Neofundulus acutirostratus Costa, 1992a: Huber, 1995; Costa, 1998d.

Neofundulus guaporensis Costa, 1988.

Rio Guaporé Killifish

Costa, W. J. E. M. 1988. Sistemática e distribuição do gênero Neofundulus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 8 (2): 103-111, figs., tables, map.

Type locality: Forte Príncipe da Beira, Rondônia, Brazil.

Neofundulus guaporensis Costa, 1988c: Costa, 1992a, 1998d; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Huber, 1995; Costa, Sarmiento, & Barrera, 1996.

Neofundulus ornatipinnis Myers, 1935.

Ornate Killifish

Myers, G. S. 1935. Four new freshwater fishes from Brazil, Venezuela, and Paraguay. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 48: 7-14. [description: pp. 8-9]

Type locality: swamp at Makthlawaiya, Paraguayan Chaco, about 60 miles west of the Río Paraguay, Paraguay.

Rivulichthys rondoni [misidentification]: Carter & Beadle, 1931; Myers, 1935b.

Neofundulus ornatipinnis Myers, 1935b: de Arámburu, Arámburu, & Ringuelet, 1962 [as a synonym of N. paraguayensis]; Ringuelet, Arámburu, & de Arámburu, 1967 [as a synonym of N. paraguayensis ]; Souza, 1979; Parenti, 1981; Costa, 1988c, 1990a, 1992a, 1998b,d; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Huber, 1995; Costa, Sarmiento, & Barrera, 1996; Fromm, 1996; Hrbek & Larson, 1999

[Filadelfía, Paraguay].

Neofundulus paraguayensis [misidentification]: de Arámburu, Arámburu, & Ringuelet, 1962; Costa, 1988c.

"Neofundulus" ornatipinnis Myers, 1935b: Parenti, 1981.

Neofundulus paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903).

Paraguayan Killifish

Eigenmann, C. H. and C. H. Kennedy. 1903. On a collection of fishes from Paraguay with a synopsis of the American genera of cichlids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 55: 497-537. [description: pp. 530-531]

Type locality: laguna near Arroyo Trementina, Paraguay.

Fundulus [?] paraguayensis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: Eigenmann, 1907; Myers, 1924b.

Neofundulus paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903): Myers, 1924b, 1942, 1964a,b; Travassos, 1955; Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1972b; Parenti, 1981; LaCorte, 1978; Souza, 1979; Costa, 1988c, 1989c, 1990a,c, 1992a, 1995c [syntopic occurence with Stenolebias bellus], 1998d,f; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Huber, 1995; Fromm, 1996; Hrbek & Larson, 1999 [aquarium stock (CI/92), Paraguay].

Neofundulus parvipinnis Costa, 1988.

Shortfin Killifish

Costa, W. J. E. M. 1988. Sistemática e distribuição do gênero Neofundulus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 8 (2): 103-111, figs., tables, map.

Type locality: small lake along the edge of route BR 364, 36 km east of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Neofundulus parvipinnis Costa, 1988c: Costa, 1992a, 1998b,d; Brousseau, 1994a [egg incubation time, distribution map]; Huber, 1995; Costa, Sarmiento, & Barrera, 1996.

Neofundulus paraguayensis [misidentification]: Myers, 1942 [probably a misidentification]; Santos-Filho, 1979; Costa, 1988c, 1990a.

Undescribed Neofundulus species:

Neofundulus species Puente Remaso, Paraguay: Hrbek & Larson, 1999.

Ness, T. 1995. Aphyosemion herzogi, the yellow killie of Gabon. Freshwater and Marine Aquarium (FAMA) 18 (6): 64-74, color photos.