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Systematic Overview
The higher order relationships within the Cyprinodontiformes are, in general, in a great state of flux. The following systematic overview is based primarily on Costa (1998f), representing his revision of the Cyprinodontiformes on the family level. There have been no challenges to the major division of the order into two suborders, the Aplocheiloidea and the Cyprinodontoidea. That is a stability of sorts.
In the Aplocheiloidea, the hypotheses of Murphy and Collier (1997) produced a very satisfying concordance with the geology of plate tectonics and the origins of annualism, but nomenclaturally this yielded a situation in which the family Aplocheilidae, if retained, would include Rivulus and Cynolebias and their allied genera as well. In harmony with Murphy and Collier (1997) and in order to retain the family Rivulidae and its division by Costa (1990a,b) into the Rivulinae and Cynolebiatinae, I have incorporated a coordinated rank structure using four families.
In the Rivulidae, proposed relationships are not stable. This may be seen in the mitochondrial DNA analysis of Hrbek & Larson (1999) versus the osteological studies of Costa (1998d). In the former, Rivulus is not monophyletic, while in the latter it is. As Costa, the major investigator of cyprinodontiform relationships, refined his studies of the sub-families Rivulinae and Cynolebiatinae some of the genera changed subfamilies and some may follow suit or revert. This is the nature of systematic research. Numerous papers representing the taxonomic work that followed Parenti's (1981) major revision of the Cyprinodontiformes were consulted in putting together this systematic overview: Wiley (1986); Costa (1990a,b, 1991b, 1992c, 1996a,b, 1997, 1998d,f); Grant & Riddle (1995); Parker & Kornfield (1995); Murphy & Collier (1996, 1997, 1999); Bernardi (1997); Parker (1997); Hrbek & Larson (1999); Murphy, Nguyen, Taylor, & Collier (1999).
The two genera with uncertain placement, Episemion and Foerschichthys, are indicated by "??." The family Cyprinodontidae has not been divided into two subfamilies, the monotypic Cubanichthyinae and the Cyprinodontinae, because "Cubanichthys and the Cyprinodontinae may not be sister taxa" according to Meyer and Lydeard (1993). Cubanichthys, also accompanied by the indicator ??, is tentatively placed in the Cyprinodontidae until more definitive proposals are advanced. Genera are listed in the same order as in Costa (1998d), paralleling his systematic hypotheses. For subgeneric compositions, see entries of the respective genera in the Annotated Checklist.
Systematic Listing
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Order Cyprinodontiformes Berg, 1940.
Suborder Aplocheiloidei Bleeker, 1860
Family Aplocheilidae McClelland, 1839.
Genus Aplocheilus McClelland, 1839.
Genus Pachypanchax Myers, 1933.
Family Rivulidae Myers, 1925.
Subfamily Rivulinae Myers, 1925.
Genus Rivulus Poey, 1860.
Genus Pterolebias Garman, 1895.
Genus Gnatholebias Costa, 1998.
Genus Aphyolebias Costa, 1998.
Genus Trigonectes Myers, 1925.
Genus Neofundulus Myers, 1924.
Genus Micromoema Costa, 1998.
Genus Moema Costa, 1989.
Genus Renova Thomerson & Taphorn, 1995.
Genus Millerichthys Costa, 1995.
Genus Rachovia Myers, 1927.
Genus Austrofundulus Myers, 1932.
Genus Terranatos Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978.
Genus Pituna Costa, 1989.
Genus Papiliolebias Costa, 1998.
Genus Plesiolebias Costa, 1989.
Genus Maratecoara Costa, 1995.
Genus Stenolebias Costa, 1995.
Subfamily Cynolebiatinae Hoedeman, 1961.
Genus Leptolebias Myers, 1952.
Genus Cynopoecilus Regan, 1912.
Genus Campellolebias Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra, 1974.
Genus Spectrolebias Costa & Nielsen, 1997.
Genus Simpsonichthys Carvalho, 1959.
Genus Nematolebias Costa, 1998.
Genus Austrolebias Costa, 1998.
Genus Megalebias Costa, 1998.
Genus Cynolebias Steindachner, 1876.
"Family Epiplatyidae" Murphy & Collier, 1997.
[Clade not named by Murphy and Collier]
Genus Epiplatys Gill, 1862.
Genus Episemion Radda & Pürzl, 1987 ??
Genus Foerschichthys Scheel & Romand, 1981 ??
Genus Archiaphyosemion Radda, 1977.
Genus Callopanchax Myers, 1933.
Genus Scriptaphyosemion Radda & Pürzl, 1987.
Family Nothobranchiidae Radda & Pürzl, 1981.
Genus Fundulopanchax Myers, 1924.
Genus Adamas Huber, 1979.
Genus Aphyosemion Myers, 1924
Genus Nothobranchius Peters, 1868.
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Suborder Cyprinodontoidei Agassiz, 1835.
Superfamily Funduloidea Jordan & Gilbert, 1883.
Family Fundulidae Jordan & Gilbert, 1883.
Genus Fundulus Lacepède, 1803.
Genus Lucania Girard, 1859.
Genus Leptolucania Myers, 1924.
Genus Adinia Girard, 1859.
Genus Plancterus Garman, 1895.
Family Profundulidae Hoedeman & Bronner, 1951.
Genus Profundulus Hubbs, 1924.
Family Goodeidae Jordan, 1923.
Subfamily Empetrichthyinae Jordan, Evermann, & Clark, 1930.
Genus Empetrichthys Gilbert, 1893.
Genus Crenichthys Hubbs, 1932.
Superfamily Valencioidea Parenti, 1981.
Family Valenciidae Parenti, 1981.
Genus Valencia Myers, 1928.
Superfamily Cyprinodontoidea Agassiz, 1835.
Family Cyprinodontidae Agassiz, 1835.
Genus Cubanichthys Hubbs, 1926. ??
Genus Orestias Valenviennes, 1839.
Genus Lebias Goldfuss, 1820.
Genus Cyprinodon Lacepède, 1803.
Genus Megupsilon Miller & Walters, 1972.
Genus Jordanella Goode & Bean, 1879.
Genus Floridichthys Hubbs, 1926.
Genus Garmanella Hubbs, 1936.
Genus Cualac Miller, 1956.
Family Anablepidae Garman, 1895.
Genus Oxyzygonectes Fowler, 1916.
Family Poeciliidae Garman, 1895.
Subfamily Poeciliinae Garman, 1895.
Genus Tomeurus Eigenmann, 1909.
Subfamily Fluviphylacinae Roberts, 1970.
Genus Fluviphylax Whitely, 1965.
Subfamily Aplocheilichthyinae Myers, 1928.
Genus Aplocheilichthys Bleeker, 1862.
Genus Laciris Huber, 1982.
Genus Lamprichthys Regan, 1911.
Genus Pantanodon Myers, 1955.
Genus Hylopanchax Poll & Lambert, 1965.
Genus Hypsopanchax Myers, 1924.
Genus Procatopus Boulenger, 1904.
Genus Plataplochilus Ahl, 1928.
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Guide to the Suprageneric ranks included in the Systematic Overview.
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Anablepidae Garman, 1895, family.
Garman, S. 1895. The cyprinodonts. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 19 (1): 1-179, 12 plates.
Aplocheilichthyinae Myers, 1928, family.
Myers, G. S. 1928. Two new genera of fishes. Copeia 1928 (166): 7-8.
Aplocheiloidei Bleeker, 1860, suborder.
Bleeker, P. 1860. Ordo Cyprini, Karpers. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Néerlandicae 7 (no. 5. deel II): xiii + 492 pp.
Cynolebiatinae Hoedemann, 1961, subfamily.
Hoedeman, J. J. 1961. Studies on cyprinodontiform fishes. Preliminary key to the species and subspecies of the genus Rivulus. Bulletin of Aquatic Biology 2 (18): 65-74, fig.
Cyprinodontidae Agassiz, 1835, family.
Agassiz, L. 1835. Description de quelques espèces de cyprins du Lac de Neuchatel, qui sont encore inconnues aux naturalistes. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. 1: 33-48. [see note in Literature Cited]
Cyprinodontoidea Agassiz,1835, superfamily.
Agassiz, L. 1835. Description de quelques espèces de cyprins du Lac de Neuchatel, qui sont encore inconnues aux naturalistes. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. 1: 33-48. [see note in Literature Cited]
Cyprinodontiformes Berg, 1940, order.
Berg, L. S. 1940. The classification of fishes, both Recent and fossil. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademiia nauk SSSR 5: 87-517.
Cyprinodontoidei Agassiz, 1835, suborder.
Agassiz, L. 1835. Description de quelques espèces de cyprins du Lac de Neuchatel, qui sont encore inconnues aux naturalistes. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. 1: 33-48. [see note in Literature Cited]
"Epiplatyidae" Lazara, 2000, family not formally erected.
This work.
Fluviphylacinae Roberts, 1970, family.
Roberts, T. R. 1970. Description, osteology and relationships of the Amazonian cyprinodont fish Fluviphylax pygmaeus (Myers and Carvalho). Breviora (347): 28 pp., 13 figs.
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Fundulidae Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, family.
Jordan, D. S. and C. H. Gilbert. 1883. A synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 16: 1-1018.
Funduloidea Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, superfamily.
Jordan, D. S. and C. H. Gilbert. 1883. A synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 16: 1-1018.
Goodeidae Jordan, 1923, family.
Jordan, D. S. 1923a. A classification of fishes including families and genera as far as known. Stanford University Publications, University Series, Biological Sciences 3 (2): 77-243.
Nothobranchiidae Radda & Pürzl, 1981, family.
Radda, A. C. and E. Pürzl. 1981. Killifische aus aller Welt. vol. 1. Feldführer der Cyprinodontiformes der Länder der Regenwaldlucke Westafrikas (Togo, Benin, SW-Nigeria). Verlag Otto Hofmann, Wien. 48 pp., 2 figs., 17 photos, 2 tables, 21 maps.
Poeciliidae Garman, 1895, family.
Garman, S. 1895. The cyprinodonts. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 19 (1): 1-179, 12 plates.
Rivulidae Myers, 1925, family.
Myers, G. S. 1925. Results of some recent studies on the American killifishes. The Fish Culturist 4 (8): 370-371.
Rivulinae Myers, 1925, subfamily.
Myers, G. S. 1925. Results of some recent studies on the American killifishes. The Fish Culturist 4 (8): 370-371.
Valenciidae Parenti, 1981, family.
Parenti, L. R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 168 (4): 335-557, 99 figs., 3 tables, maps.
Valencioidea Parenti, 1981, superfamily.
Parenti, L. R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 168 (4): 335-557, 99 figs., 3 tables,maps.
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